Phase III of the Mekong Region Land Governance project closed in December 2025. This page will remain active for a limited time, but all publication materials and toolkits have been transferred to a permanent home on the Land Portal site here.

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Restoring Land Rights: Pathways for the recognition of customary tenure in Myanmar – Brief

This brief is a summary of the original thematic study. This study aims at providing guidance to civil society organisations and other reform actors in Myanmar about how to recognise and protect customary tenure in both policy and practice. Based on international experiences and concepts, the study outlines six options for recognising customary tenure with different levels of complexity. These options are not mutually exclusive, as each one may fit a specific context. International experienc…

Restoring Land Rights: Pathways for the recognition of customary tenure in Myanmar

This study aims at providing guidance to civil society organisations and other reform actors in Myanmar about how to recognise and protect customary tenure in both policy and practice. Based on international experiences and concepts, the study outlines six options for recognising customary tenure with different levels of complexity. These options are not mutually exclusive, as each one may fit a specific context. International experience shows that good legal frameworks are necessary, but never…

Persistence and Change in Customary Tenure Systems in Myanmar (Burmese version)

This brief is a summary in burmese language of the original thematic study: Erni, C. (2021). Persistence and Change in Customary. The study describes the diversity of customary tenure systems in various regions of Myanmar; it looks at what they have in common and how they differ. It investigates the processes that affect or weaken the community jurisdiction over their lands and resources. It is intended as a resource for policymakers who are looking at recognizing and protecting the customary…

Enhancing benefit-sharing and economic opportunities in Community Protected Areas (CPAs) in Cambodia

This Policy Brief is the third in a series of three that have been compiled as input into the revision of the Protected Areas Law (2008) based on a comprehensive review of documents and interviews with experts. It summarizes analyses and key recommendations for ways to increase economic benefits and opportunities for the communities through the Community Protected Area (CPA) system. It formulates proposals to promote more effectively community-based economic activities such as for the commercial…

Strengthening Land Tenure Rights and Law Enforcement in Community Protected Areas (CPAs) in Cambodia

This Policy Brief is the second in a series of three that have been compiled as input into the revision of the Protected Areas Law (2008) based on a comprehensive review of documents and interviews with experts. It summarizes analyses and key recommendations on how to increase land tenure security of communities through the Community Protected Area (CPA) system, as well as to enhance the capacities of the CPA members to monitor and enforce forest protection. It formulates proposals regarding the…

Streamlining the Establishment of Community Protected Areas (CPAs) in Cambodia

This Policy Brief is the first in a series of three that have been compiled as input into the revision of the Protected Areas Law (2008) based on a comprehensive review of documents and interviews with experts. It summarizes analyses and key recommendations on how to improve the Community Protected Area (CPA) system and formulates four proposals: (1) CPAs should be defined based on existing customary tenure practices and include areas of high value forest resources for the communities; (2) CPA r…

A Glimpse into Women’s Customary Forest Tenure Practices in Lao PDR: Access, Use and Management Rights of Women in Customary Tenure Systems in Mai District, Phongsali Province (Lao version)

The case study explores the intersect between customary tenure systems and gender roles in two villages in Phongsali district in the north of Laos. The country has a diverse population of ethnic communities who depend on forests and other natural resources for their livelihoods. These communities play an important role for conserving complex landscapes. However, their traditional land tenure practices are insufficiently documented and therefore poorly understood, and even more so the gender rela…

A Glimpse into Women’s Customary Forest Tenure Practices in Lao PDR: Access, Use and Management Rights of Women in Customary Tenure Systems in Mai District, Phongsali Province

The case study explores the intersect between customary tenure systems and gender roles in two villages in Phongsali district in the north of Laos. The country has a diverse population of ethnic communities who depend on forests and other natural resources for their livelihoods. These communities play an important role for conserving complex landscapes. However, their traditional land tenure practices are insufficiently documented and therefore poorly understood, and even more so the gender rela…

Agricultural investment at the crossroads in Cambodia: Towards inclusion of smallholder farmers? (Brief)

This brief is a summary of the original Case Study available here: https://www.mrlg.org/publications/agricultural-investment-at-the-crossroads-in-cambodia-towards-inclusion-of-smallholder-farmers/ <P>The agricultural investment landscape of Cambodia is changing rapidly. The large-scale development model driven by agro-industrial concessions is out of steam and other forms of investment linking farmers with companies and markets are emerging. In order to examine the implications of these transfo…

Agricultural investment at the crossroads in Cambodia: Towards inclusion of smallholder farmers?

The agricultural investment landscape of Cambodia is changing rapidly. The large-scale development model driven by agro-industrial concessions is out of steam and other forms of investment linking farmers with companies and markets are emerging. In order to examine the implications of these transformations for smallholder farmers, this case study reviews the experiences of four types of agricultural investments linking with smallholder farmers. The research findings focus on the reasons for the…

Agricultural Land Accumulation and Concentration in Viet Nam: Policy objectives and implications for smallholder farmers (Vietnamese)

This discussion note examines the objectives of Viet Nam’s policies on Agricultural Land Accumulation and Concentration (ALAC), to enable and promote larger-scale commercial production in an agricultural landscape where smallholder farmers remain the majority. Viet Nam’s fragmented land base has long been viewed as an obstacle to foreign and domestic investment in agribusiness, as well as for enterprising farmers to access more land where it may currently be under less efficient use. But focusin…

Persistence and Change in Customary Tenure Systems in Myanmar

This thematic brief is a summary of the original thematic study: Erni, C. (2021). Persistence and Change in Customary. The study describes the diversity of customary tenure systems in various regions of Myanmar; it looks at what they have in common and how they differ. It investigates the processes that affect or weaken the community jurisdiction over their lands and resources. It is intended as a resource for policymakers who are looking at recognizing and protecting the customary rights of r…

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